Brazilian Journal of Pain
https://brjp.org.br/article/doi/10.5935/2595-0118.20220039-en
Brazilian Journal of Pain
Review Article

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the non-cancer chronic pain and its management in the elderly

Impacto da pandemia do COVID-19 na dor crônica não oncológica e sua gestão em pessoas idosas

Joana Isabel Aparício Pereira; Rosa Marina Afonso; Paulo Reis-Pina

http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/2595-0118.20220039-en BrJP, vol.5, n3, p.285-293, 2022
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Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chronic non-cancer pain is considered a public health problem, affecting 37% of the Portuguese population. Pain treatment represents a fundamental human right. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the vast majority of these patient care services were considered non-urgent or non-emergent, and clinical appointments and treatment were postponed or un-scheduled. Imposed restrictions, such as measures to prevent a COVID-19 infection, became counterproductive with regard to the management of chronic pain. Its impact should be emphasized especially in the older population, due to the associated physical and psychological comorbidities. This study aimed to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the pain of older people in four aspects: i) intensity, treatment and management of pain; ii) mental health; iii) lifestyles; iv) quality of life.

METHODS: Review in Pubmed, SCOPUS and SCIELO databases using the terms: chronic non-cancer pain, pain management, aged and COVID-19. 86 articles were found and 13 were selected. Articles included cumulatively addressed chronic pain, represented original research of a clinical nature, and analyzed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the management of chronic pain. Preference was given to studies with participants aged 65 years or older. Studies in adults with no mention of age in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic impact on aspects infuencing chronic pain and its management were also included. Only one article exclusively studied the senior population.

RESULTS: The pandemic affected: i) increased pain intensity (n=10), changes in its pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment (n=3) and its management, that is, the adaption of the health professionals and patients (n=1); ii) negatively affected mental health: symptoms of stress and anxiety/depression (n=9), psychological distress (n=4), social isolation/loneliness (n=6); iii) lifestyles: physical activity (n=4), sleep quality (n=4) and physical performance (n=5); iv) reduction of quality of life (n=5). Despite the heterogeneous results, a worsening of pain and mental health was found, as well as alteration of styles and quality of life and disruption of medical services.

CONCLUSION: The restrictions imposed by the pandemic affected several areas of pain in the short term. Telemedicine has emerged as an adopted solution, but the barriers in the senior population, such as lack of digital literacy and lack of technological equipment, cannot be overlooked. The lack of knowledge of the specific impact of COVID-19 on the pain of the senior population calls for more research that focuses on the long-term consequences, as well as the solutions to be adopted in order to contain the damage in this vulnerable population.

HIGHLIGHTS

  • Worsening of pain and mental health, change in lifestyles and decreased quality of life. Disruption of medical services generated by the pandemic period reinforce the need for a holistic and individual approach to health care.
  • Impact of the pandemic on chronic pain management has been little explored in older people.
  • Need for further research focusing on long-term consequences, as well as the solutions to be adopted in order to contain injuries or dysfunctions in this vulnerable population.

Keywords

Aged, Chronic pain, COVID-19, Pain management

Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor crônica não oncológica é considerada um problema de saúde pública, afetando 37% da população portuguesa. O tratamento da dor representa um direito humano fundamental. Entretanto, durante a pandemia do COVID-19, a grande maioria destes serviços de assistência ao paciente foi considerada como não urgente ou não emergente, sendo consultas e tratamentos clínicos adiados ou desmarcados. Restrições impostas, como medidas de prevenção da infecção por COVID-19, tornaram-se contraproducentes no que se refere à gestão da dor crônica. O seu impacto deve ser realçado principalmente na população mais idosa, devido às comorbidades associadas quer físicas quer psicológicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o impacto da pandemia do COVID-19 na dor de pessoas idosas em quatro aspectos: i) intensidade, tratamento e gestão da dor; ii) saúde mental; iii) estilo de vida; iv) qualidade de vida.

MÉTODOS: Revisão nas bases de dados Pubmed, SCOPUS e Scielo usando os termos: chronic non-cancer pain, pain management, aged e COVID-19. Foram encontrados 86 artigos e selecionados 13. Foram incluídos artigos que cumulativamente versavam sobre dor crônica, representavam pesquisa original de natureza clínica e analisavam o impacto da pandemia do COVID-19 na gestão da dor crônica. A preferência foi dada a estudos com participantes com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos. Também foram analisados estudos realizados em adultos sem menção de idade no âmbito do impacto da pandemia do COVID-19 sobre os aspetos que infuenciam a dor crônica e a sua gestão. Apenas um artigo estudou exclusivamente a população idosa.

RESULTADOS: A pandemia afetou: i) aumento da intensidade da dor (n=10), alterações no seu tratamento farmacológico e não farmacológico (n=3) e a sua gestão, isto é, a adaptação dos profissionais de saúde e dos doentes (n=1); ii) negativamente a saúde mental: sintomas de estresse e ansiedade/depressão (n=9), distresse psicológico (n=4), isolamento social/solidão (n=6); iii) estilos de vida: atividade física (n=4), qualidade do sono (n=4) e desempenho físico (n=5); iv) redução da qualidade de vida (n=5). Apesar dos resultados heterogêneos, verificou-se o agravamento da dor e saúde mental, alteração dos estilos e qualidade de vida, disrupção dos serviços médicos.

CONCLUSÃO: As restrições impostas pela pandemia afetaram vários domínios da dor em curto prazo. A telemedicina surgiu como uma solução adotada, não podendo descurar os entraves na população idosa, como a falta de literacia digital e falta de equipamentos tecnológicos. O desconhecimento do impacto específico da COVID-19 na dor da população idosa sugere mais investigação que incida sobre as consequências em longo prazo, assim como as soluções a adotar de modo a conter lesões ou disfunções nesta população vulnerável.

DESTAQUES

  • Agravamento da dor e saúde mental, alteração dos estilos e diminuição da qualidade de vida. A disrupção dos serviços médicos gerados pelo período pandêmico reforça a necessidade de uma abordagem holística e individual na assistência de saúde.
  • Impacto da pandemia na gestão da dor crônica foi pouco explorado em pessoas idosas.
  • Necessidade de mais investigações que incidam sobre as consequências em longo prazo, assim como as soluções a adotar de modo a conter lesões ou disfunções nesta população vulnerável.

Palavras-chave

COVID-19, Dor crônica, Idoso, Gestão em saúde

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Submitted date:
03/10/2021

Accepted date:
08/24/2022

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