Brazilian Journal of Pain
https://brjp.org.br/article/doi/10.5935/2595-0118.20220052-en
Brazilian Journal of Pain
Review Article

Mechanical hyperalgesia in athletes’ shoulder: integrative review

Hiperalgesia mecânica no ombro de atletas: revisão integrativa

Gabriela de Holanda Leal; Luis Ulisses Signori; Michele Forgiarini Saccol

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Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chronic shoulder pain in throwing athletes is a common complaint in everyday practice. Despite the growing number of publications, it is unclear whether these athletes have mechanical hyperalgesia associated with pain, which could alter the treatment options undertaken. The aim of the study was to summarize the results of the main evidence found on the pressure pain threshold in the shoulder, to compare these results in athletes of different sports.
METHODS: Electronic search via PubMed/Medline, PEDro, SPORTDiscuss, Web of Science and Scielo databases was done verifying studies in English or Portuguese. The keywords: pressure pain threshold; athletes; shoulder; pressure algometry and its derivations were searched in both languages. The articles should have included athletes from sports that use upper limbs and that assess the pressure pain threshold in the shoulder. Five studies were included for analysis.
RESULTS: Athletes with shoulder pain had a lower pressure pain threshold. In swimmers, changes in mechanical sensitivity to pain seem to be related to weekly training hours, years of sports practice and age group. Sports competitions apparently have an influence on the reduction of pressure pain threshold in amateur tennis players.
CONCLUSION: Swimming athletes have a lower pressure pain threshold and this is related to the volume and time of training in the modality. This variable seems to be sport-dependent, and the absence of a greater number of studies in sports such as tennis and wheelchair basketball limits conclusions on this subject.

HIGHLIGHTS
• Shoulder pain is a common condition in overhead athletes, and athletes with shoulder pain have changes in pressure pain threshold (PPT).
• In swimming, PPT seems to be influenced by weekly training volume, years of practice, and age group.
•  PPT changes in wheelchair tennis and basketball players still lack more conclusive data.

Keywords

Athletes, Hyperalgesia, Shoulder, Trigger points.

Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor crônica no ombro de atletas arremessadores é uma queixa comum no cotidiano do esporte. Apesar do número crescente de publicações sobre o tema, não está claro se esses atletas apresentam hiperalgesia mecânica associada a dor, o que poderia alterar as abordagens de tratamento realizadas. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi sintetizar os resultados das principais evidências encontradas sobre o limiar de dor a pressão no ombro, comparando estes resultados em esportistas de diversas modalidades.
MÉTODOS: Para esta revisão integrativa, as buscas eletrônicas ocorreram nas bases de dados Pubmed/Medline, PEDro, SPORTDiscuss, Web of Science e Scielo, verificando estudos em inglês ou português. As palavras-chave pressure pain threshold; athletes; shoulder; pressure algometry e suas derivações foram pesquisadas em ambas as línguas. Os artigos deveriam incluir atletas de esportes com gestos esportivos no membro superior e que avaliassem o limiar de dor a pressão no ombro. Cinco estudos foram incluídos para análise.
RESULTADOS: Atletas com dor no ombro apresentaram menor limiar de dor a pressão. Em nadadores, as alterações na sensibilidade mecânica a dor parecem estar relacionadas com horas de treino semanais, anos de prática esportiva e faixa etária. As competições esportivas aparentemente possuem influência na redução do limiar de dor a pressão em tenistas amadores. 
CONCLUSÃO: Atletas de natação apresentam menor limiar de dor a pressão, o qual se relaciona com o volume e tempo de treinamento na modalidade. Essa variável parece ser esporte-dependente, e a ausência de um maior número de estudos em esportes como tênis e basquete em cadeiras de rodas limita conclusões acerca do assunto.
DESTAQUES
• Dor no ombro é uma condição comum em atletas overhead e atletas com dor no ombro apresentam alterações no limiar de dor a pressão (LDP).
• Na natação, o LDP parece sofrer influência do volume de treinamento semanal, de anos de prática da modalidade e da faixa etária.
• Alterações no LDP em tenistas e jogadores de basquete em cadeira de rodas ainda carecem de dados mais conclusivos.

Palavras-chave

Atletas, Hiperalgesia, Ombro, Pontos-gatilho.

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Submitted date:
03/30/2022

Accepted date:
10/06/2022

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